Best diets weight loss
By not exploring the full range of potential comparisons in a statistically and methodologically rigorous fashion, these reviews could have missed important benefits of specific diets or their compositions. Our weight also plays a role in determining how many calories we burn at rest -- the more calories are required to maintain your body in its present state, the greater your body weight. Weight, protein, fat, and timing of preloads affect food intake. 9. Comparison of range of commercial or primary care led weight reduction programmes with minimal intervention control for weight loss in obesity: lighten up randomised controlled trial. Difference in mean decrease in BMI at 6 and 12 months across diet brands with 95% credible intervals eTable 15. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. 9, Author Audio Interview. Live better and be healthier with these quick nutritional tips from the experts. These programs represent a multibillion dollar industry. Our analyses adjusted for behavioral support and exercise. Eligible programs included meal replacement products but had to consist primarily of whole foods and could not include pharmacological agents. A man of the same age requires about 2,200 calories. Long-term effects of advice to consume a high-protein, low-fat diet, rather than a conventional weight-loss diet, in obese adults with type 2 diabetes: one-year follow-up of a randomised trial. Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomized, controlled trials. Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. We contacted the named diet companies and individuals working in the field of obesity and weight management to identify additional or unpublished trials. eTable 1. Difference in mean weight loss at 6 and 12 months across all diet classes with 95% credible intervals when adjusting for proportion female (continuous measure) eTable 8. Combining behavioral weight loss treatment and a commercial program: a randomized clinical trial. Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomised controlled trial. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial. Reviewers, in pairs, independently screened titles and abstracts of articles and reviewed the full text of any title or abstract deemed potentially eligible by either reviewer. Improved psychological well-being, quality of life, and health practices in moderately overweight women participating in a 12-week structured weight loss program. 12. Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women. Discover common skin conditions like psoriasis, rashes, and more in the collection of medical photos. The role of energy expenditure in the differential weight loss in obese women on low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets. Action between the sheets can help you get all of this and more. 7 years (median SD, 9 years), median weight of 94. Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adherence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Your basal metabolic rate is the number of calories (amount of energy) you need for your body to carry out necessary functions. Effects of two weight-loss diets on health-related quality of life. Only a few of the reviews of named diets have used rigorous meta-analytic techniques to provide quantitative estimates of how much better one diet is compared with another. The 48 RCTs included 7286 individuals with a median age of 45. 9, Author Audio Interview. For example, the Atkins diet resulted in a 1. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. Weight loss differences between individual named diets were small. Those receiving occupational or physical therapy will learn about their arthritis, be given a dietary plan if they are overweight, get foot care advice, and learn methods of relieving discomfort. Psychological benefits of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome—a pilot study. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet on post laparoscopic gastric bypass weight loss: a prospective randomized trial. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology. US Preventive Services Task Force. 312, No. Named or branded (trade-marked) weight loss programs are broadly available to the general public, providing structured dietary and lifestyle recommendations via popular books and in-person or online behavioral support. View Large Download Diet Classes Based on Macronutrient Composition Table 2. Difference in mean weight loss at 6 and 12 months across all diet brands with 95% credible intervals when restricted to low risk of bias studies eTable 10. We searched 6 electronic databases: AMED, CDSR, CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE from inception of each database to April 2014. A randomized controlled trial of a commercial Internet weight loss program. Quick Guide How to Lose Weight Without Dieting: 24 Fast Facts. When available, we used P values for group differences to derive the standard deviation of change from baseline. 3). They also relied on aggregating studies comparing one diet with another and did not have the ability to determine the relative performance of diets when they were not directly compared with one another in clinical trials. For people who do not have jobs that require intense physical activity, exercise or increased physical activity can increase the number of calories burned. 7 In the absence of published head-to-head clinical trials of each diet against each other diet, network meta-analysis uses both direct and indirect clinical trial evidence to estimate their relative effects. Network diagrams for randomized controlled trials investigating change in BMI among diets, categorized by diet class eFigure 6. Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, Wu P, Naji F, Siemieniuk RA, Ball GDC, Busse JW, Thorlund K, Guyatt G, Jansen JP, Mills EJ. A 100-pound person requires less energy (food) to maintain body weight than a person who weighs 200 pounds. Key differences between this analysis and recent joint guidelines from the American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC), and The Obesity Society (TOS) eFigure 1. The effects of an intensive lifestyle modification program on carotid artery intima-media thickness: a randomized trial. We reviewed bibliographies of review articles and eligible trials, and searched the registries of ClinicalTrials. 13 We assigned 1 of 2 summary assessments for each included study: low risk of bias for key domains, allocation concealment, and missing participant data or high risk of bias for key domains. Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: a systematic review. JAMA 2014-09-02, Vol. GRADE confidence in indirect estimates: 12-month weight loss eTable 12. Effect of a free prepared meal and incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. 71 kg greater weight loss than the Zone diet at 6-month follow-up. Search of 6 electronic databases: AMED, CDSR, CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE from inception of each database to April 2014. Analyses were conducted using 6- and 12-month data, with a 3-month window (eg, if a study reported weight loss at 5 months, it was used in the 6-month analysis). Quiz Ref ID Despite potential biological mechanisms explaining why some popular diets should be better than others, recent reviews suggest that most diets are equally effective, 2, 5, 6 a message very different from what the public hears in advertisements or expert pronouncements. Every adult is in control of the amount of food he or she consumes each day, so our intake of calories is something we can control. eMethods. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. To determine weight loss outcomes for popular diets based on diet class (macronutrient composition) and named diet. Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of weight-loss clinical trials with a minimum 1-year follow-up. We considered 3 weight loss effect modifiers that were modeled as present or absent if they were included in an overall dietary program: calorie restriction, exercise, and behavioral support. Self-help weight loss versus a structured commercial program after 26 weeks: a randomized controlled study. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. Supplement. Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovascular risk factors. Summary of risk of bias by diet class and brand eTable 3. Difference in mean weight loss at 6 and 12 months across all diet classes with 95% credible intervals when adjusting for baseline weight (overweight to obese vs morbidly obese) eTable 7. The diet was labeled as brand-like when the diet met the definition of a branded diet, but failed to name or reference the brand in the article. Difference in mean decrease in BMI at 6 and 12 months across diet classes with 95% credible intervals eTable 14. Metabolic effects of weight loss on a very-low-carbohydrate diet compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet in abdominally obese subjects. To a major degree, we can also control our output of energy, or the number of calories we burn each day. A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults. A 12-week commercial web-based weight-loss program for overweight and obese adults: randomized controlled trial comparing basic versus enhanced features. Test your knowledge of health risks of abdominal fat and belly fat. The connectivity of each network meta-analysis was described using density, which was calculated as the ratio of the number of treatment pairs with head-to-head evidence over the total number of treatment pairs. Nondieting versus dieting treatment for overweight binge-eating women. 6 kg), and median BMI of 33. JAMA 2014-09-02, Vol. Systematic review: an evaluation of major commercial weight loss programs in the United States. Continuous outcomes were most often reported as mean change, but sometimes were reported as preintervention and postintervention measures or percentage change. Accessibility verified August 4, 2014. Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet. There is no clear definition for what constitutes a fad diet. Branded diets and weight loss in overweight or obese adults: a network meta-analysis. We included RCTs that reported weight loss or BMI reduction at 3-month follow-up or longer. Search terms included extensive controlled vocabulary and keyword searches for (RCTs) AND (diets) AND (adults) AND (weight loss). GRADE confidence in direct estimates: 12-month weight loss eTable 11. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. Randomized trial of a multifaceted commercial weight loss program. The gray literature search identified 213 additional articles. Remembering the following simple healthy eating guidelines and putting them into practice can lead to weight reduction without the aid of any special diet plans, weight loss programs, fitness books, or medications. Pairs of reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias associated with individual trials using the Cochrane Collaboration instrument. Comparison of Weight Loss Among Named Diet Programs in Overweight and Obese Adults A Meta-analysis. A Bayesian framework was used to perform a series of random-effects network meta-analyses with meta-regression to estimate the relative effectiveness of diet classes and programs for change in weight and body mass index from baseline.
Pairs of reviewers independently, and in duplicate, extracted the following data items: study setting, type of trial (parallel or factorial), demographic information, experimental interventions, control interventions, exercise information, degree of calorie restriction, degree of behavioral support, and each of the outcomes of interest. Comparative study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Effect of a high-protein, high-monounsaturated fat weight loss diet on glycemic control and lipid levels in type 2 diabetes. 2, 3 Low-carbohydrate diets may drive weight loss due to a higher intake of protein, which may induce a stronger satiating effect than fats and carbohydrates. The effects of a commercially available weight loss program among obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized study. 312, No. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women. For example, dietary programs that did not refer to Atkins but consisted of less than 40% of kilocalories from carbohydrates per day for the duration of study or were funded by Atkins were considered Atkins-like. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. Screening for obesity in adults: recommendations and rationale. Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. How would you like a stronger immune system or better sleep. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. Long-term effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk markers in obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning. Named diets were identified through the explicit naming of the brand, the referencing of branded literature, or the naming of a brand as funders of an article reporting weight loss outcomes from the diet. How to use an article reporting a multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis. GRADE guidelines: 3, rating the quality of evidence. Changes in body weight and metabolic indexes in overweight breast cancer survivors enrolled in a randomized trial of low-fat vs reduced carbohydrate diets. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Random-effects pairwise meta-analyses (using the method by DerSimonian and Laird 19 ) were used to determine direct and indirect associated treatment effects for all network meta-analyses. Exercise was defined as having explicit instructions for weekly physical activities and simply dichotomized when differences between varying degrees of exercise frequencies appeared to have negligible effects. Lifestyle and work habits partially determine how many calories we need to eat each day. Accessed July 30, 2014. Arthritis Physical and Occupational Therapy Physical therapy can help a patient with arthritis to work out stiffness without damaging their joints. Whether you are trying to lose 5 pounds or more than 50, the same principles determine how much weight you lose and how fast your weight loss will occur. Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets. Read more: Belly (Abdominal) Fat Quiz: Test Your Belly Fat IQ. Effects of dietary carbohydrate restriction versus low-fat diet on flow-mediated dilation. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. In the latter cases, transformations were used to express weight loss and BMI as mean change. 4. A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women. For our branded diet analysis, we made a visual assessment of funnel plots for publication bias for direct comparisons that included 10 or more studies. In the case of percentage change, we assumed independence. Network diagrams for randomized controlled trials investigating weight loss among branded diets eFigure 4. It is important to look for a plan that includes strategies for maintaining weight loss. Diet classes were established by macronutrient content ( Table 1 ). gov and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials. Using a network meta-analytic approach, we assessed the relative effectiveness of different popular diets in improving weight loss. Stern. We categorized dietary treatment groups in 2 ways: using diet classes (moderate macronutrient distribution, low carbohydrate, and low fat) 15 and according to diet brands. Effects of hypocaloric diet, low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement, or both on aortic hemodynamics and muscle mass in obese postmenopausal women. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in type 2 diabetes—a randomized controlled trial. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Learn About This Autoimmune Disease. 12. There is nothing worse than regaining the weight that took you an enormous amount of hard work and patience to lose. Dieting and the development of eating disorders in obese women: results of a randomized controlled trial. Risk of bias versus quality assessment of randomised controlled trials: cross sectional study. Consuming a hypocaloric high fat low carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks lowers C-reactive protein, and raises serum adiponectin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in obese subjects. Long-term success requires permanent changes in behavior, diet, and activity. 7 (median SD, 4. Effects of a low carbohydrate weight loss diet on exercise capacity and tolerance in obese subjects. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on weight loss and energy expenditure after weight stabilization in hyperinsulinemic subjects. Effects of energy-restricted diets containing increased protein on weight loss, resting energy expenditure, and the thermic effect of feeding in type 2 diabetes. Occupational therapy teaches the patient how to reduce joint strain during daily activities. Two reviewers independently extracted data on populations, interventions, outcomes, risk of bias, and quality of evidence. Description of dietary programs eTable 2. If your weight remains constant, this is likely a sign that you are taking in the same amount of calories that you burn daily. Establishing which of the major named diets is most effective is important because overweight and obese patients often want to know which diet results in the most effective weight loss. 1 Debate regarding the relative merit of the diets is accompanied by advertising claiming which macronutrient composition is superior, such as a low-carbohydrate diet being better than a low-fat diet, and the benefits of accompanying lifestyle interventions. Participating in a moderate level of physical activity (exercising three to five days per week) requires about 200 additional calories per day. A detailed description of the statistical analysis appears in the eMethods in the Supplement. 9, 10, 17, 18, 22 -. The number of calories we burn each day is dependent upon the following: Our basal metabolic rate (BMR), the number of calories we burn per hour simply by being alive and maintaining body functions Our level of physical activity For some people, due to genetic (inherited) factors or other health conditions, the resting metabolic rate (RMR) can be slightly higher or lower than average. Our body weight is determined by the amount of energy that we take in as food and the amount of energy we expend in the activities of our day. GRADE overall confidence in estimates: 12-month weight loss eTable 13. Diets with at least 2 group or individual sessions per month for the first 3 months were considered as providing behavioral support. Some physiological explanations regarding the merits of different macronutrient compositions, including variable genetic response to diets with different recommended dietary fat intake, make intuitive sense. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A to Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. The characteristics of eligible branded dietary programs are reported in eTable 1 in the Supplement. Network diagrams for randomized controlled trials investigating change in BMI among branded and common diets. Publication bias assessed via funnel plots—Atkins versus moderate micronutrient diets: 6-month weight loss eFigure 5. Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes within the body that sustain life. GRADE guidelines: 4, rating the quality of evidence—study limitations (risk of bias). Effects of a low-intensity intervention that prescribed a low-carbohydrate vs a low-fat diet in obese, diabetic participants. Combining weight-loss counseling with the Weight Watchers plan for obese breast cancer survivors. Of the total, 889 proved potentially relevant for full-text review and 59 articles that reported 48 RCTs of 11 branded diets proved eligible (eFigure 1 in the Supplement ). Effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet program compared to a low-fat diet on fasting lipoprotein subclasses. Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. Many claims have been made regarding the superiority of one diet or another for inducing weight loss. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. This supports the practice of recommending any diet that a patient will adhere to in order to lose weight. Someone whose job involves heavy physical labor will naturally burn more calories in a day than someone who sits at a desk most of the day (a sedentary job). 9, 10. The search strategy is available from the authors upon request. Difference in mean weight loss at 6 and 12 months across all diet classes with 95% credible intervals when adjusting for percentage loss to follow-up (continuous measure) eTable 6. Belly (Abdominal) Fat Quiz: Test Your Belly Fat IQ. Weight-loss diets modify glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor rs2287019 genotype effects on changes in body weight, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance: the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial. An example of a successful no-diet weight loss program. 14. Network diagrams for randomized controlled trials investigating weight loss among diets, categorized by diet class eFigure 3. Otherwise, we used the pre- and postintervention standard deviations along with a correlation estimated from studies that reported both change and pre- and postintervention results. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with a family history of diabetes. 1 kg (median SD, 14. The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis. Lifestyle Behaviors Nutrition Obesity Shared Decision Making and Communication Treatment Adherence Diet. Quiz Ref ID Network meta-analysis facilitates comparison of different diets using all available randomized clinical trial (RCT) data. Difference in mean weight loss at 6 and 12 months across all diet classes with 95% credible intervals when restricted to low risk of bias studies eTable 5. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on mood and cognitive function. Because it is impossible to provide a placebo diet in a clinical trial, eligible control diets included wait-listed controls, no specific assigned diet, or competing dietary programs. Dietary guidelines for Americans: 2010. As a rough estimate, an average woman 31-50 years of age who leads a sedentary lifestyle needs about 1,800 calories per day to maintain a normal weight. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. Weight loss differences between individual diets were minimal. The median duration of the diet intervention across trials was 24 weeks (interquartile range, 16-52 weeks). Significant weight loss was observed with any low-carbohydrate or low-fat diet.
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